Use of fgfr1 extra cellular domain proteins to treat cancers characterized by ligand-dependent activating mutations in fgfr2

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to the use of Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor I (FGFR1) extracellular domain (ECD) polypeptides for treatment of cancers characterized by ligand dependent activating mutations in Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 2 (FGFR2). For example, the present invention relates to the treatment of endometrial cancers and other cancers wherein tumor cells express FGFR2 mutants in the IgII-IgIII hinge region or IgIII domain of the protein, such as at amino acid positions 252 and/or 253.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to the use of Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor I (FGFR1) extracellular domain (ECD) proteins for treatment of cancers characterized by ligand-dependent activating mutations in Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 2 (FGFR2).

BACKGROUND AND SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF) and Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor (FGFR) proteins are involved in a number of cell signalling events. There are 4 different FGFRs (FGFR1, FGFR2, FGFR3, and FGFR4), each with different specificities for the 22 different FGFs. In addition, some of the FGFRs are alternatively spliced, giving rise to further patterns of ligand specificity. For example, FGFR2 IIIb is generally expressed in epithelial tissue and is activated upon binding by one set of FGFs whereas FGFR2 IIIc is generally expressed in mesenchymal tissue and is activated by a different set of FGFs.

Certain cancers and genetic disorders are characterized by activating mutations in the FGFR2 amino acid sequence. For example, subsets of patients with various cancers, such as endometrial, breast, lung, gastric, and ovarian cancers, show mutations in FGFR2. (See, for example, the Catalog of Somatic Mutations in Cancer (COSMIC) at http://www.sanger.ac.uk/genetics/CGP/cosmic/ providing a repository of somatic changes reported in the FGFR family.) These FGFR2 activating mutations may occur in the extracellular domain, for example, at the hinge region between the IgII and IgIII domains or within the IgIII domain, or in the intracellular tyrosine kinase domain. (See FIG. 1.) In general, mutations in the IgII-IgIII hinge region and IgIII domain may alter the ligand specificity of the receptor, for example, increasing the affinity of the receptor for its normal ligands and/or increasing the promiscuity of the receptor for various other ligands. Thus, these mutations are ligand dependent, meaning that their effects depend on the binding of FGFR2 to one or more of its ligands. In some instances, an alteration in the RNA splicing pattern of the mutant FGFR2 may be observed. In contrast, mutations in the tyrosine kinase domain are thought to be generally ligand independent, meaning that the FGFR2 is active in both the presence and the absence of its ligands.

Endometrial cancer, for example, is a common cancer in industrialized countries but has poor survival rates for those who cannot be treated surgically. Currently the majority of patients are treated with hysterectomy, while there are no curative treatments for patients whose cancers either cannot be surgically resected or whose cancers recur after surgery. Hence, there is a need for non-surgical treatments for this cancer. Several publications have reported that FGFR2 mutations are present in about 15-16% of endometrial carcinomas. (See, e.g., P. M. Pollock et al., Oncogene 26: 7158-7162 (2007); A. Dutt et al., Proc. Nat'l. Acad. Sci. USA 105(25): 8713-8717 (2008); M. Katoh, Int. J. Oncol. 33: 233-237 (2008); WO2008/118877; WO2005/115363.) Several such mutations are located in the IgII-IgIII hinge region and IgIII domain of FGFR2. A commonly observed FGFR2 mutation in endometrial tumor cells is S252W, found in about 7% of cases. In addition, a P253R mutation was found in about 2% of endometrial cancer cases. (See Id.; FIG. 1.)

These S252W and P253R mutations are the same mutations found in the germline of patients with the genetic disease Apert Syndrome, which causes craniosynostosis and syndactyl). Structural and biochemical studies of the FGFR2 S252W mutant receptor suggest that S252W and P253R mutants may cause the FGFR2 protein to bind more tightly to its normal FGF ligands as well as to bind other FGF ligands to which it normally does not bind. (See K. Yu et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97: 14536-41 (2000); O. A. Ibrahimi et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98: 7182-87 (2001).) In addition, FGFR2 is alternatively spliced and its function is regulated in part through the expression of different splice isoforms with different ligand specificities in different tissues. For example, Yu et al. (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97: 14536-41 (2000)) reported that the FGFR2 IIIb form is expressed in epithelial cells and may be activated upon binding to FGF7 and FGF10 whereas the FGFR2 IIIc form is expressed in mesenchymal cells and may be activated by binding to FGF2, FGF4, FGF6, FGF8, and FGF9. (See also FIG. 1.) Yu et al. also reported that the S252W mutation may disrupt this splicing-based regulation of FGFR2 function. The S252W FGFR2 IIIb form not only may bind more tightly to its normal ligands such as FGF7 and FGF10, but it may also be activated by the FGFR2 IIIc ligands FGF2, FGF6, and FGF9.

The present invention relates to the use of R1Mut4 to treat cancers, for example endometrial cancers, characterized by expression of an FGFR2 IIIb protein with a point mutation at position 252 and/or position 253, such as S252W or P253R. The present invention also relates to the use of other FGFR1 ECDs to treat cancers characterized by ligand-dependent activating mutations of FGFR2, such as, for example, endometrial cancer.

The present inventors have found that an FGFR1 ECD fusion molecule called R1Mut4 (SEQ ID NO:22) inhibits the growth of endometrial carcinoma cells expressing an S252W mutant FGFR2 IIIb protein, both in vitro and in a mouse xenograft model. (See FIGS. 2-7.) In the mouse xenograft model, R1Mut4 dramatically inhibited growth of a tumor derived from endometrial carcinoma cells carrying the FGFR2 S252W mutation. (See FIG. 7.) The present inventors have also found that R1Mut4 inhibits tumor growth in a dose-dependent fashion in a therapeutic (or established) xenograft endometrial cancer model using human endometrial carcinoma MFE-280 cells with a S252W mutated FGFR2 genomic locus. (See FIG. 8.) Furthermore, R1Mut4 partially inhibited cell growth in the HCC1143 breast carcinoma cell line carrying the FGFR2 R203c mutation. (See FIGS. 9 and 10.)

The present invention also relates to inhibiting the growth of tumor cells expressing either the point mutation serine 252 to tryptophan of the FGFR2 protein or the point mutation proline 253 to arginine of the FGFR2 protein, comprising exposing the tumor cells to an amount of an FGFR1 ECD fusion molecule comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:22 effective to inhibit growth of the tumor cells.

The present invention further relates to treating a cancer in a subject, comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of an FGFR1 ECD fusion molecule comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:22 to the subject, wherein the cancer is characterized by having tumor cells expressing either the point mutation serine 252 to tryptophan of the FGFR2 protein or the point mutation proline 253 to arginine of the FGFR2 protein.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate several aspects of the invention and are not to be treated as limiting the invention.

FIG. 1 illustrates the structure and domain organization of FGFR2 and shows the positions of mutations identified by Dutt et al. (Proc. Nat'l. Acad. Sci. USA 105(25): 8713-8717 (2008)) in endometrial cancer cell lines. The upper portion depicts the domain structure of FGFR2 as well as the IIIb and IIIc splice variants. The IIIb form is generally expressed in epithelial tissues and may be activated by one or more of FGFs 3, 7, and 10, for example, whereas the IIIc form is generally expressed in mesenchymal tissues and may be activated by one or more of FGFs 2, 4, 6, 8, and 9, for example. The three Ig domains are depicted IgI, IgII, and IgIII, while the transmembrane region is shown as a shaded bar after the three Ig domains and the tyrosine kinase domain is denoted “kinase.”

FIG. 2 shows the effect of R1Mut4, an FGFR1 ECD Fc fusion molecule of (SEQ ID NO:22), on cell number in a cell line expressing wildtype FGFR2 protein (HEC-1-B) as measured using a CellTiter-Glo® assay. Black bars denote the presence of R1Mut4 while white bars denote the absence of R1Mut4. R1Mut4 did not affect the cell number in the FGFR2 wildtype expressing HEC-1-B cells.

FIG. 3 shows the effect of R1Mut4 on cell number in a cell lines with the S252W FGFR2 mutation (MFE-280) as measured using a CellTiter-Glo® assay. R1Mut4 (black bars) significantly reduced cell number (P=>0.001) in MFE-280 cells.

FIG. 4 shows the effect of R1Mut4 on cell number in a cell line expressing wildtype FGFR2 protein (HEC-1-B) as measured using a tritiated thymidine incorporation assay. R1Mut4 did not affect the cell number in the FGFR2 wildtype expressing HEC-1-B cells.

FIG. 5 shows the effect of R1Mut4 on cell number in a cell lines with the S252W FGFR2 mutation (MFE-280) as measured using a tritiated thymidine incorporation assay. R1Mut4 (black bars) led to at least a 50% reduction in cell number (P=>0.0001) in MFE-280 cells.

FIG. 6 shows the effect of a colony stimulating factor 1 receptor ECD Fc fusion (CSF1R-ECD Fc) negative control protein on cell number in MFE-280 cells homozygous for the S252W FGFR2 mutation using a tritiated thymidine incorporation assay. The control protein did not impact cell number.

FIG. 7 shows the effect of R1Mut4 in an FGFR2 S252W mouse xenograft assay in comparison to an albumin control.

FIG. 8 shows the dose-dependent anti-cancer activities of R1Mut4 in a therapeutic (or established) xenograft endometrial cancer model using human endometrial carcinoma MFE-280 cells with a S252W mutated FGFR2 genomic locus.

FIG. 9 shows the effect of R1Mut4 on HCC1143 cell proliferation using a tritiated thymidine incorporation assay. R1Mut4 reduced cell proliferation (P=<0.05 all conditions) in the HCC1143 cell line by 25 percent. The control protein CSF1R-ECD Fc demonstrated no impact on cell HCC1143 proliferation.

FIG. 10 shows the effect of R1Mut4 on HCC1143 cell proliferation using the CellTiter-Glo® assay. Incubation with R1Mut4 significantly reduced (P=<0.05 all conditions) cell number in the HCC1143 cell line expressing the R203c mutant FGFR2.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS Definitions

Unless otherwise defined, scientific and technical terms used in connection with the present invention shall have the meanings that are commonly understood by those of ordinary skill in the art. Further, unless otherwise required by context, singular terms shall include pluralities and plural terms shall include the singular.

The terms “polypeptide” and “protein” are used interchangeably to refer to a polymer of amino acid residues, comprising natural or non-natural amino acid residues, and are not limited to a minimum length. Thus, peptides, oligopeptides, dimers, multimers, and the like are included within the definition. Both full-length proteins and fragments thereof are encompassed by the definition. The terms also include post-translational modifications of the polypeptide, including, for example, glycosylation, sialylation, acetylation, and phosphorylation.

An “FGF ligand” or “FGF” is a fibroblast growth factor, or variant or fragment thereof, which binds to an FGFR.

An “extracellular domain” (“ECD”) is the portion of a polypeptide that extends beyond the transmembrane domain into the extracellular space.

A “fibroblast growth factor receptor” (“FGFR”) polypeptide, as used herein, is a polypeptide comprising the entirety or a portion of FGFR1, FGFR2, FGFR3, or FGFR4 including all naturally occurring isoforms or allelic variants. “FGFR1,” for example, refers to a polypeptide having the amino acid sequence of any one of the known FGFR1 polypeptides, such as FGFR1-IIIb and FGFR1-IIIc, and any variant, precursor, or fragment thereof, including those described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,656,728; 6,384,191; 5,229,501; 6,255,454; 6,344,546; 5,474,914; and 5,288,855. FGFR1-IIIb and FGFR1-IIIc differ from each other in their IgIII domains (defined below). “FGFR2,” as used herein, refers to a polypeptide having the amino acid sequence of any known FGFR2 polypeptide, for example, FGFR2-IIIb and FGFR2-IIIc, and any variants and precursors thereof. Splice isoforms FGFR2-IIIb and FGFR2-IIIc, for example, differ from each other in the IgIII domains. Exemplary FGFR2 precursor sequences are shown in Table 4, SEQ ID NOs:23-25.

The “FGFR21gII-IgIII hinge region” encompasses the portion of the FGFR2 ECD polypeptide sequence between the IgII and IgIII domain portions. The IgII-IgIII hinge region includes, for example, amino acid positions 252 and 253. (See FIG. 1.)

The “FGFR21gIII domain” refers to the third Ig domain in the ECD of FGFR2 (See FIG. 1). The IgIII domain encompasses, for example, amino acids 290, 310, 314, and 315.

“Wildtype” refers to a non-mutated version of a gene, allele, genotype, polypeptide, or phenotype, or a fragment of any of these. It may occur in nature or be produced recombinantly.

A “mutant” or “mutation” used herein may encompass one or more amino acid exchanges within the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide, e.g. point mutations. It may also encompass deletions or insertions of amino acids at the N-terminal or C-terminal end or within the amino acid sequence. FGFR2 mutants herein include allelic variants naturally occurring in tumor cells or the germline of patients with genetic disease.

The term “signal peptide” refers to a sequence of amino acid residues that facilitates secretion of a polypeptide from a mammalian cell. A signal peptide is typically cleaved upon export of the polypeptide from the mammalian cell. A “precursor” FGFR protein sequence includes a signal peptide. Certain exemplary signal peptides include, but are not limited to, the signal peptides of FGFR1, FGFR2, FGFR3, and FGFR4, such as, for example, the amino acid sequences depicted in Table 4, SEQ ID NOs: 13-16. Certain exemplary signal peptides also include signal peptides from heterologous proteins. Proteins according to this invention are typically without a signal peptide, although certain embodiments may optionally comprise a signal peptide.

An “FGFR2 activating mutant” as used herein refers to a mutation that increases the biological activity of FGFR2, for example, a mutation causing FGFR2 to become activated more readily in comparison to the wildtype FGFR2 in response to certain stimuli. A “ligand independent” activating mutant is one in which the biological effect of the mutation is observed regardless of the presence and absence of its ligands, such as a mutation that causes activation of the receptor in the absence of ligand binding. Examples include mutations in the FGFR2 tyrosine kinase domain that result in the kinase being constitutively switched on, as well as examples in which a cysteine is substituted for another amino acid, causing a disulfide bridge to form between two FGFR2 receptors, resulting in dimerization in the absence of a ligand. A “ligand dependent activating mutant” is one whose biological effects depend on the binding of FGFR2 to one or more of its ligands, such as a mutation that causes alterations in the ligand binding properties of FGFR2.

“FGFR1 ECD” refers to a genus consisting of the following sub-genuses: native FGFR1 ECDs, FGFR1 ECD variants, FGFR1 ECDs comprising an Ig domain III chosen from IIIb and IIIc (the FGFR1 ECDs are also referred to as FGFR1-IIIb ECDs or FGFR1-IIIc ECDs), native FGFR1-IIIb ECD, native FGFR1-IIIc ECD, FGFR1-IIIb ECD variants, FGFR1-IIIc ECD variants, FGFR1 ECD fragments, native FGFR1 ECD fragments, variants of FGFR1 ECD fragments, FGFR1 ECD glycosylation mutants, and FGFR1 ECD fusion molecules, as well as non-human FGFR1 ECDs. In some embodiments, the FGFR1 ECD comprises a signal peptide whereas in others it does not. (See, e.g. SEQ ID NOs: 1 and 2.) All FGFR1 ECDs all are able to bind FGF2.

As used herein, the terms “native FGFR1 ECD” and “wildtype FGFR1 ECD” are used interchangeably to refer to an FGFR1 ECD with a naturally occurring amino acid sequence. Native FGFR1 ECDs and wildtype FGFR1 ECDs also include FGFR1 ECD splice variants or isoforms. As used herein, the terms FGFR1 ECD “splice variants” or “splice isoforms” are used interchangeably to refer to alternative splice forms of FGFR1 ECD, such as FGFR1-IIIb and FGFR1-IIIc ECD. Exemplary native FGFR1 ECDs are SEQ ID NOs:1, 2, and 12 depicted in Table 4.

As used herein, the term “FGFR1-IIIb ECD” refers to the FGFR1 ECD with an Ig domain III chosen from native IIIb and IIIb variants. The term “FGFR1-IIIc ECD” refers to the FGFR1 ECD with an Ig domain III chosen from native IIIc and IIIc variants.

As set forth above, native FGFR1-IIIb and native FGFR1-IIIc ECDs are FGFR1 ECDs wherein the polypeptide sequence contains the splice isoform of IIIb or IIIc of the third Ig domain (Ig domain III) in the C-terminal region of the ECD. As used herein, the terms “native IIIb” and “native IIIc” refer to the native sequence of the Ig domain III of the splice isoforms IIIb and IIIc, respectively.

As used herein, the term “FGFR1 ECD variants” refers to FGFR1 ECDs containing amino acid additions, deletions, and/or substitutions in comparison to the native FGFR1 ECDs. FGFR1 ECD variants retain the ability to bind FGF2. Amino acid additions and deletions may be made at the amino-terminus, at the carboxy-terminus, and/or within the ECD sequence. Exemplary FGFR1 ECD variants that contain amino acid deletions have the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 3-7. FGFR1 ECD variants may include amino acid substitutions within the FGFR1 ECD that inhibit N-glycosylation, referred to interchangeably herein as “FGFR1 ECD glycosylation mutants” and “FGFR1 ECD N-glycan mutants.” Exemplary FGFR1 ECD variants are depicted in SEQ ID NOs: 3-11.

As used herein, “FGFR1-IIIb ECD variant” refers to FGFR1-IIIb ECD containing amino acid additions, deletions, and/or substitutions in comparison to native FGFR1-IIIb ECD. FGFR1-IIIb ECD variants retain the ability to bind FGF2. The term “FGFR1-IIIc ECD variant” refers to FGFR1-IIIc ECD containing amino acid additions, deletions, and/or substitutions in comparison to native FGFR1-IIIc ECD. FGFR1-IIIc ECD variants retain the ability to bind FGF2. As used herein, the terms “IIIb variant” and “IIIc variant” refer to a variant sequence of the Ig domain III of the splice isoforms IIIb and Inc, respectively, said variant sequence containing amino acid additions, deletions, and/or substitutions.

As used herein, the term “native FGFR1 ECD fragment” refers to an FGFR1 ECD having an amino acid sequence modified in that amino acid residues have been deleted from the amino-terminus and/or from the carboxy-terminus of the polypeptide, wherein the fragment retains the ability to bind FGF2. Examples are shown in SEQ ID NOs: 3-7.

As used herein, the terms “FGFR1 ECD fragment variant” and “variant of FGFR1 ECD fragment” are used interchangeably to refer to FGFR1 ECDs containing, not only amino acid deletions from the amino- and/or carboxy-terminus of native FGFR1 ECD, but also amino acid additions, deletions, and/or substitutions within the retained portion of the FGFR1 ECD. FGFR1 ECD fragment variants retain the ability to bind FGF2.

Collectively, “native FGFR1 ECD fragments” and “FGFR1 ECD fragment variants” form the genus of “FGFR1 ECD fragments.”

FGFR1 ECD variants may include amino acid substitutions within the FGFR1 ECD sequence that inhibit N-glycosylation, referred to interchangeably herein as “FGFR1 ECD glycosylation mutants” and “FGFR1 ECD N-glycan mutants.” In certain embodiments, one or more amino acids are mutated to prevent glycosylation at that site in the polypeptide. FGFR1 ECD glycosylation mutants retain the ability to bind FGF2.

The terms “FGFR1 ECD fusion molecule,” “FGFR1 ECD fusion protein,” and “FGFR1 ECD fusion” are used interchangeably herein to refer to an FGFR1 ECD comprising an FGFR1 ECD polypeptide and a fusion partner. FGFR1 ECD fusions retain the ability to bind FGF2. FGFR1 ECD fusions may be constructed based upon any of the FGFR1 ECD genera defined above or any of the FGFR1 ECD species described elsewhere herein. The fusion partner may be linked to either the amino-terminus or the carboxy-terminus of the polypeptide. In certain embodiments, the polypeptide and the fusion partner are covalently linked. If the fusion partner is also a polypeptide, the polypeptide and the fusion partner may be part of a continuous amino acid sequence. In such cases, the polypeptide and the fusion partner may be translated as a single polypeptide from a coding sequence that encodes both the polypeptide and the fusion partner. In certain embodiments, the polypeptide and the fusion partner are covalently linked through other means, such as, for example, a chemical linkage other than a peptide bond. Methods of covalently linking polypeptides to other molecules (for example, fusion partners) are known in the art. In certain embodiments, the polypeptide and the fusion partner are noncovalently linked. In certain such embodiments, they may be linked, for example, using binding pairs. Exemplary binding pairs include, but are not limited to, biotin and avidin or streptavidin, an antibody and its antigen, etc.

A “fusion partner” is any component of a fusion molecule in addition to the FGFR1 ECD. A fusion partner may comprise a polypeptide, such as a fragment of an immunoglobulin molecule, or a non-polypeptide moiety, for example, polyethylene glycol. The fusion partner may comprise an oligomerization domain such as an Fc domain of a heavy chain immunoglobulin. Certain exemplary fusion partners include, but are not limited to, an immunoglobulin Fc domain, albumin, and polyethylene glycol. The amino acid sequences of certain exemplary Fc domains are shown in SEQ ID NOs: 17-21. Exemplary FGFR1 ECD Fc fusions include, for example, R1Mut4, which has the sequence of SEQ ID NO:22.

A “fragment crystallizable (Fc) polypeptide” is the portion of an antibody molecule that interacts with effector molecules and cells. It comprises the C-terminal portions of the immunoglobulin heavy chains. As used herein, an Fc polypeptide comprises a fragment of the Fc domain with one or more biological activity of an entire Fc polypeptide. An “effector function” of the Fc polypeptide is an action or activity performed in whole or in part by an antibody in response to a stimulus and may include complement fixation or ADCC (antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity) induction. Exemplary Fc sequences are provided in Table 4, SEQ ID NOs:17-21.

The terms “antibody” and “immunoglobulin” refer to a protein, generated by the immune system, made synthetically, or made recombinantly, that is capable of recognizing and binding to a specific antigen; antibodies are commonly known in the art. They can be polyclonal antibodies, monoclonal antibodies, single chain antibodies or antigen binding fragments thereof.

In certain embodiments, the FGFR1 ECD amino acid sequence is derived from that of a non-human mammal. Such FGFR1 ECDs are termed “non-human FGFR1 ECDs.” In such embodiments, the FGFR1 ECD sequence may be derived from mammals including, but not limited to, rodents, simians, felines, canines, equines, bovines, porcines, ovines, caprines, mammalian laboratory animals, mammalian farm animals, mammalian sport animals, and mammalian pets. In other words, non-human FGFR1 ECD includes the corresponding native FGFR1 ECD, FGFR1 ECD variants, FGFR1 ECD fragments, native FGFR1 ECD fragments, variants of FGFR1 ECD fragments, and FGFR1 ECD fusion molecules.

The terms “subject” and “patient” are used interchangeably herein to refer to mammals, including, but not limited to, rodents, simians, humans, felines, canines, equines, bovines, porcines, ovines, caprines, mammalian laboratory animals, mammalian farm animals, mammalian sport animals, and mammalian pets.

“Treatment” or “treat” as used herein, covers any administration or application of a therapeutic for disease in a mammal, including a human, and includes inhibiting the disease, arresting its development, or relieving the disease, for example, by causing regression, or restoring or repairing a lost, missing, or defective function; or stimulating an inefficient process. Treatment may achieved with surgery, radiation, and/or administration of one or more molecules, including, but not limited to, small molecules and polymers, such as polypeptides.

The terms “inhibition” and “inhibit” used herein in reference to cell or tumor growth, encompass, for example, a partial or complete reduction of the rate with which tumor size or cell number is increasing compared to the rate prior to the start of treatment. The terms also encompass reductions in tumor size and cell number compared to the tumor size or cell number prior to the start of treatment. Inhibition of cell growth or tumor size may occur, for example, by cell death, apoptosis, and inhibition of further cell division.

A “therapeutically effective amount” of a molecule according to the invention means an amount that is sufficient to treat a condition and/or to inhibit growth of tumor cells in at least a subset of subjects when given alone or in combination with other treatments.

“Cancer” and “tumor” are interchangeable terms that refer to any abnormal cell or tissue growth or proliferation in an animal. As used herein, the terms “cancer” and “tumor” encompass solid and hematological/lymphatic cancers and also encompass malignant, pre-malignant, and benign growth, such as dysplasia.

A “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” refers to a non-toxic solid, semisolid, or liquid filler, diluent, encapsulating material, formulation auxiliary, or carrier conventional in the art for use with a therapeutic agent for administration to a subject. A pharmaceutically acceptable carrier is non-toxic to recipients at the dosages and concentrations employed and is compatible with other ingredients of the formulation. The pharmaceutically acceptable carrier is appropriate for the formulation employed. For example, if the therapeutic agent is to be administered orally, the carrier may be a gel capsule. If the therapeutic agent is to be administered subcutaneously, the carrier ideally is not irritable to the skin and does not cause injection site reaction.

A “vector” refers to a polynucleotide that is used to express a polypeptide of interest in a host cell. A vector may include one or more of the following elements: an origin of replication, one or more regulatory sequences (such as, for example, promoters and/or enhancers) that regulate the expression of the polypeptide of interest, and/or one or more selectable marker genes (such as, for example, antibiotic resistance genes and genes that can be used in colorimetric assays, e.g., β-galactosidase). One skilled in the art can select suitable vector elements for the particular host cell and application at hand.

A “host cell” refers to a cell that can be or has been a recipient of a vector or isolated polynucleotide. Host cells may be prokaryotic cells or eukaryotic cells. Exemplary eukaryotic cells include mammalian cells, such as primate or non-primate animal cells; fungal cells; plant cells; and insect cells. Certain exemplary mammalian cells include, but are not limited to, 293 and CHO cells.

The term “isolated” as used herein refers to a molecule that has been separated from at least some of the components with which it is typically found in nature. For example, a polypeptide is referred to as “isolated” when it is separated from at least some of the components of the cell in which it was produced. Where a polypeptide is secreted by a cell after expression, physically separating the supernatant containing the polypeptide from the cell that produced it is considered to be “isolating” the polypeptide.

Exemplary Methods of the Invention

The present invention provides, inter alia, a method of treating a cancer characterized by a ligand dependent activating mutation in FGFR2 in a subject, comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of an FGFR1 ECD to the subject.

The present invention also provides a method of inhibiting the growth of tumor cells expressing a ligand dependent activating mutation in FGFR2, comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of an FGFR1 ECD to a subject in need thereof.

The present invention also provides a method of administering an FGFR1 ECD to a subject in need thereof, comprising:

-   -   (a) determining if tumor cells from the subject express a ligand         dependent activating mutation in FGFR2; and     -   (b) if the tumor cells do express the ligand dependent         activating mutation in FGFR2, then administering a         therapeutically effective amount of an FGFR1 ECD to the subject.

And the present invention provides a method of inhibiting the growth of tumor cells expressing a ligand dependent activating mutation in FGFR2, comprising exposing the tumor cells, in vitro, in vivo, or in a subject, to an amount of an FGFR1 ECD effective to inhibit growth of the tumor cells.

Within any of those methods, the cancer or tumor cells may be endometrial, gastric, lung, or ovarian cancer or tumor cells. Furthermore, the ligand dependent activating mutation in FGFR2 may comprise at least one substitution, insertion, or deletion in the IgIII domain of the FGFR2 protein, and/or at least one substitution, insertion, or deletion in the IgII-IgIII hinge region of the FGFR2 protein.

The mutation may be, for example, a point mutation of the serine residue at amino acid position 252 of the FGFR2 protein, such as a serine 252 to tryptophan substitution, or a serine to phenylalanine or serine to leucine substitution. Alternatively, the mutation may be a point mutation of the proline residue at amino acid position 253 of the FGFR2 protein, such as a proline 253 to arginine substitution. In addition, the mutation may comprise any one or more of the specific set of FGFR2 IgII-IgIII hinge region and IgIII domain mutations mentioned below. In some embodiments, the mutation in the IgII-IgIII hinge region or IgIII domain does not include a substitution of a wildtype amino acid for a cysteine residue.

In some embodiments of the methods above, the FGFR1 ECD is a native FGFR1 ECD or an FGFR1 ECD variant. FGFR1 ECD variants retain the ability to bind FGF2. In some embodiments, the FGFR1 ECD comprises the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1-22, such as, for example, any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1-12 or 1 and 3-12 or SEQ ID NO:22. In certain embodiments, the FGFR1 ECD is an FGFR1 ECD splice variant. In certain embodiments, the FGFR1 ECD is a FGFR1-IIIb ECD or FGFR1-IIIc ECD. In certain embodiments, the FGFR1 ECD is an FGFR1 ECD fragment. FGFR1 ECD fragments retain the ability to bind FGF2. In certain embodiments, the FGFR1 ECD is a native FGFR1 ECD fragment. In certain embodiments, the FGFR1 ECD is a variant of an FGFR1 ECD fragment. In certain embodiments, the FGFR1 ECD is a splice variant of an FGFR1 ECD fragment. In certain embodiments, the FGFR1 ECD is an FGFR1 ECD glycosylation mutant.

In the claimed methods, the FGFR1 ECD may also be an FGFR1 ECD fusion molecule, such as one in which the FGFR1 ECD is fused to an Fc polypeptide, PEG, albumin, or another fusion partner described herein. In some embodiments, the FGFR1 ECD fusion molecule comprises an Fc, wherein the Fc comprises one of SEQ ID NOs: 17-21. In some embodiments the FGFR1 ECD fusion molecule comprises SEQ ID NO:22 and in others the FGFR1 ECD fusion molecule is R1Mut4, which consists of SEQ ID NO:22.

In some embodiments, the FGFR1 ECD lacks a signal peptide. In other embodiments, the FGFR1 ECD includes a signal peptide, such as a signal peptide from FGFR1, FGFR2, FGFR3, FGFR4, or a heterologous protein. Exemplary signal peptides are depicted in SEQ ID NOs:13-16 of Table 4.

In some embodiments the FGFR1 ECD is a non-human FGFR1 ECD.

In some embodiments, the FGFR1 ECD is administered before, after, or substantially contemporaneously with another treatment such as chemotherapy, radiation therapy, biologic therapy, or surgery. In some embodiments, the FGFR1 ECD is administered with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

In some embodiments of the methods above, the FGFR1 ECD fusion molecule may be R1Mut4 and the mutation may be, for example, a point mutation of the serine residue at amino acid position 252 of the FGFR2 protein, such as a serine 252 to tryptophan substitution, or a serine to phenylalanine or serine to leucine substitution. Alternatively, the mutation may be a point mutation of the proline residue at amino acid position 253 of the FGFR2 protein, such as a proline 253 to arginine substitution.

FGFR2 Ligand Dependent Activating Mutations and Cancers Characterized by Such Mutations

FGFR2 activating mutations have been identified in endometrial, breast, lung, gastric, and ovarian cancers, for example. In some embodiments, the ligand dependent activating mutant in FGFR2 is located at the IgII-IgIII hinge region of the FGFR2 protein while in others it is located in the IgIII domain. For example, amino acid substitutions at positions 252, 253 and 315 are encompassed within the scope of this invention, such as S252W, S252F, and S252L, P253R, and A315T mutations found in endometrial cancer cell lines. (See, e.g. Pollock et al. and Dutt et al., cited above, and Ibrahimi et al. (2004) Hum Mol. Genet. 13(19):2313-24.) Amino acid substitutions K310R and A314D, identified in endometrial cancer cell lines, as well as S267P, found in gastric cancers, D293N, found in lung cancers, and G272V, found in ovarian cancers are also proposed to be ligand dependent mutations and thus are also encompassed within this invention. Substitutions C383R, A390T, M392 R, also found in endometrial tumor cell lines, are in the transmembrane-spanning region of FGFR2. They are also proposed to be ligand dependent. These amino acid positions are defined based upon the precursor FGFR2 sequence NP_(—)075259.2, also depicted in SEQ ID NO: 23 of Table 4, wherein the first amino acid of the signal peptide is assigned the amino acid number 1. (See, e.g. Pollock et al. and Dutt et al., cited above, and also WO2008/118877; WO2005/115363; Katoh M. (2008) Int J. Oncol. 33(2):233-7; Ibrahimi et al. (2004) Hum Mol. Genet. 13(19):2313-24; Monsonego-Ornan E et al. (2000) Mol Cell Biol. 20(2):516-22; Davies et al. (2005) Cancer Res. 65:7591-7595; and Jang et al. (2001) Cancer Res. 61:3541-3543, for descriptions of these and other ligand dependent activating mutations in FGFR2 previously identified that are within the scope of this invention.) Substitutions in the IgII-IgIII hinge and IgIII domain from a wildtype amino acid to a cysteine residue may be ligand independent and are excluded in some embodiments of the invention. An example is W290C. Substitutions at amino acid 203 of FGFR2 are also in the scope of the invention. An example is R203c. Substitutions at amino acid 212 of FGFR2 are also in the scope of the invention. An example is Q212K. Substitutions at amino acid 659 of FGFR2 are also in the scope of the invention. An example is K659M. Substitutions at amino acid 770 of FGFR2 are also in the scope of the invention. An example is L770V. Substitutions at amino acid 211 of FGFR2 are also in the scope of the invention. An example is N211I. Substitutions at amino acid 283 of FGFR2 are also in the scope of the invention. An example is D283N. Substitutions at amino acid 29 of FGFR2 are also in the scope of the invention. An example is W29C. Substitutions at amino acid 380 of FGFR2 are also in the scope of the invention. An example is I380V. Substitutions at amino acid 544 of FGFR2 are also in the scope of the invention. An example is H544Q. Substitutions at amino acid 612 of FGFR2 are also in the scope of the invention. An example is R612T. Substitutions at amino acid 375 of FGFR2 are also in the scope of the invention. An example is Y375C. Substitutions at amino acid 267 of FGFR2 are also in the scope of the invention. An example is S267P.

In some embodiments, the FGFR2 ligand dependent activating mutation is a point mutation at amino acid position 252 and/or at 253. (Compare, e.g. SEQ ID NOs: 23-25 showing FGFR2 wildtype precursor, S252W, and P253R amino acid sequences, respectively.) For example, the mutation may be an S252W, S252F, S252L, P253R, or S252F-P253S mutation or a combination of the above. The S252W and P253R mutations have been found in 7% and 2% of endometrial carcinomas in humans, for example.

In some embodiments, a disruption of the normal tissue-specific splicing patterns of FGFR2 is observed, such as, for example, tumor cells in mesenchymal tissue expressing an epithelial splice variant of FGFR2, or tumor cells in epithelial tissue expressing a mesenchymal splice variant. The present inventors, for example, examined three endometrial cancer cell lines, HEC-1-B, expressing wildtype FGFR2, MFE-280, which appears to be homozygous for FGFR2 S252W, and MFE-319, which is heterozygous for FGFR2 S252W. The mutation status and splicing pattern of the FGFR2 RNAs were found to be as follows:

TABLE 1 FGFR2 RNA Status of Endometrial Tumor Cell Lines No. clones S252W FGFR2 IIIb FGFR2 IIIc Cell line analyzed mutation status RNA RNA HEC-1-B 15 15/15 (100%) 1/15 (7%)  14/15 (93%) wildtype MFE-280 16 16/16 (100%) 15/15 (100%) 0/15 (0%) S252W MFE-319 15 9/15 S252W 15/15 (100%) 0/15 (0%) 6/16 wildtype (40% S252W)

Hence, the MFE-280 and MFE-319 cells expressing the S252W mutation also produced FGFR2 in the IIIb epithelial-specific splice form whereas the HEC-1-B tumor cell line expressing wildtype FGFR2 expressed the protein in the IIIc mesenchymal-specific splice form. Moreover, the HEC-1-B cells were found to express low levels of the epithelial protein marker E-cadherin protein, consistent with their expression of predominantly mesenchymal FGFR2, whereas MFE-280 and MFE-319 cells were found to express higher levels of E-cadherin, which correlates with the FGFR2 splicing data.

Structural and biochemical studies of the FGFR2 S252W mutant receptor suggest that S252W FGFR2 IIIb, the form expressed in the endometrial cell lines MFE-280 and MFE-319, not only may bind more tightly to normal FGFR2 IIIb ligands such as FGF7 and FGF10, but may also be activated by FGFR2 IIIc ligands such as FGF2, FGF6, and FGF9. (See K. Yu et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97: 14536-41 (2000); O. A. Ibrahimi et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98: 7182-87 (2001).)

FGFR1 ECDs

FGFR1 ECD molecules are provided. In certain embodiments, an FGFR1 ECD molecule is isolated. FGFR1 ECDs consist of native FGFR1 ECDs, FGFR1 ECD variants, FGFR1 ECDs comprising an Ig domain III chosen from IIIb and Inc, native FGFR1-IIIb ECD, native FGFR1-IIIc ECD, FGFR1-IIIb ECD variants, FGFR1-IIIc ECD variants, FGFR1 ECD fragments, native FGFR1 ECD fragments, variants of FGFR1 ECD fragments, FGFR1 ECD glycosylation mutants, and FGFR1 ECD fusion molecules, as well as non-human FGFR1 ECDs. All FGFR1 ECDs all are able to bind FGF2. In some embodiments, the FGFR1 ECD includes a signal peptide, either from FGFR1, or from another FGFR, or from another protein. In other embodiments, no signal peptide is included.

The FGFR1 ECD proteins of the invention can comprise an entire FGFR1 ECD, including that of wildtype FGFR1-IIIb or wildtype FGFR1-IIIc ECD, or for example a variant or fragment of the FGFR1 ECD that retains the ability to bind FGF2. A native FGFR1-IIIc ECD is depicted in SEQ ID NOs:1-2, for example, with and without its signal sequence, and in SEQ ID NO:12. In some embodiments, a variant of the native FGFR1 ECD, for example, having a deletion of one or more and up to 22 amino acid residues counting from the C-terminus of the native FGFR1 ECD of SEQ ID NO:1, is provided. In some embodiments, the FGFR1 ECD has the final 22 amino acids of the C-terminus deleted, while in others, the FGFR1 ECD has the final 19, 14, 9, 8, or 4 C-terminal amino acids deleted in comparison to SEQ ID NO:1. (See, e.g., SEQ ID NOs:3-7 in Table 4 below.)

Examples of such variants include those having the C-terminal amino acid residues LYLE or MTSPLYLE or VMTSPLYLE or AVMTSPLYLE or EERPAVMTSPLYLE or LEERPAVMTSPLYLE or ALEERPAVMTSPLYLE deleted as compared to either a native FGFR1-IIIb or FGFR1-IIIc. Further examples include those having the C-terminal amino acid residues KALEERPAVMTSPLYLE or RPVAKALEERPAVMTSPLYLE deleted as compared to a native FGFR1-IIIb or EALEERPAVMTSPLYLE deleted as compared to a native FGFR1-IIIc. Point mutations or internal deletions or insertions within the ECD amino acid sequence may also be made within the FGFR1 ECD so long as FGF2 binding activity is retained. Examples include point mutations, for example, but not limited to amino acids P364 and A365 or P364G, P364M, and M367N mutations compared to native FGFR1 IIIb and FGFR1 IIIc sequences.

FGFR1 ECD Fusion Molecules

FGFR1 ECD fusion molecules herein refer to a protein comprising a sequence of amino acids corresponding to an FGFR1 ECD and a fusion partner. The fusion partner may be joined to either the N-terminus or the C-terminus of the FGFR1 ECD polypeptide and the FGFR1 ECD may be joined to either the N-terminus or the C-terminus of the fusion partner.

Fusion Partners and Conjugates

In certain embodiments, a fusion partner is selected that imparts favorable pharmacokinetics and/or pharmacodynamics on the FGFR1 ECD protein. For example, in certain embodiments, a fusion partner is selected that increases the half-life of the FGFR1 ECD fusion molecule relative to the corresponding FGFR1 ECD without the fusion partner. By increasing the half-life of the molecule, a lower dose and/or less-frequent dosing regimen may be required in therapeutic treatment. Further, the resulting decreased fluctuation in FGFR1 ECD serum levels may improve the safety and tolerability of the FGFR1 ECD-based therapeutics.

Many different types of fusion partners are known in the art. One skilled in the art can select a suitable fusion partner according to the intended use. Non-limiting exemplary fusion partners include polymers, polypeptides, lipophilic moieties, and succinyl groups. Exemplary polypeptide fusion partners include serum albumin and an antibody Fc domain. Exemplary polymer fusion partners include, but are not limited to, polyethylene glycol, including polyethylene glycols having branched and/or linear chains.

Oligomerization Domain Fusion Partners

In various embodiments, oligomerization offers certain functional advantages to a fusion protein, including, but not limited to, multivalency, increased binding strength, and the combined function of different domains. Accordingly, in certain embodiments, a fusion partner comprises an oligomerization domain, for example, a dimerization domain. Exemplary oligomerization domains include, but are not limited to, coiled-coil domains, including alpha-helical coiled-coil domains; collagen domains; collagen-like domains, and certain immunoglobulin domains. Certain exemplary coiled-coil polypeptide fusion partners include the tetranectin coiled-coil domain; the coiled-coil domain of cartilage oligomeric matrix protein; angiopoietin coiled-coil domains; and leucine zipper domains. Certain exemplary collagen or collagen-like oligomerization domains include, but are not limited to, those found in collagens, mannose binding lectin, lung surfactant proteins A and D, adiponectin, ficolin, conglutinin, macrophage scavenger receptor, and emilin.

Antibody Fc Immunoglobulin Domain Fusion Partners

Many Fc domains that could be used as fusion partners are known in the art. One skilled in the art can select an appropriate Fc domain fusion partner according to the intended use. In certain embodiments, a fusion partner is an Fc immunoglobulin domain. An Fc fusion partner may be a wildtype Fc found in a naturally occurring antibody, a variant thereof, or a fragment thereof. Non-limiting exemplary Fc fusion partners include Fcs comprising a hinge and the CH2 and CH3 constant domains of a human IgG, for example, human IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, or IgG4. Certain additional Fc fusion partners include, but are not limited to, human IgA and IgM. In certain embodiments, an Fc fusion partner comprises a C237S mutation. In certain embodiments, an Fc fusion partner comprises a hinge, CH2, and CH3 domains of human IgG2 with a P331S mutation, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,900,292. Certain exemplary Fc domain fusion partners are shown in Table 4.

Albumin Fusion Partners and Albumin-Binding Molecule Fusion Partners

In certain embodiments, a fusion partner is an albumin. Certain exemplary albumins include, but are not limited to, human serum album (HSA) and fragments of HSA that are capable of increasing the serum half-life and/or bioavailability of the polypeptide to which they are fused. In certain embodiments, a fusion partner is an albumin-binding molecule, such as, for example, a peptide that binds albumin or a molecule that conjugates with a lipid or other molecule that binds albumin. In certain embodiments, a fusion molecule comprising HSA is prepared as described, e.g., in U.S. Pat. No. 6,686,179.

Polymer Fusion Partners

In certain embodiments, a fusion partner is a polymer, for example, polyethylene glycol (PEG). PEG may comprise branched and/or linear chains. In certain embodiments, a fusion partner comprises a chemically-derivatized polypeptide having at least one PEG moiety attached. Pegylation of a polypeptide may be carried out by any method known in the art. One skilled in the art can select an appropriate method of pegylating a particular polypeptide, taking into consideration the intended use of the polypeptide. Certain exemplary PEG attachment methods include, for example, EP 0 401 384; Malik et al., Exp. Hematol., 20:1028-1035 (1992); Francis, Focus on Growth Factors, 3:4-10 (1992); EP 0 154 316; EP 0 401 384; WO 92/16221; and WO 95/34326. As non-limiting examples, pegylation may be performed via an acylation reaction or an alkylation reaction, resulting in attachment of one or more PEG moieties via acyl or alkyl groups. In certain embodiments, PEG moieties are attached to a polypeptide through the α- or ε-amino group of one or more amino acids, although any other points of attachment known in the art are also contemplated.

Pegylation by acylation typically involves reacting an activated ester derivative of a PEG moiety with a polypeptide. A non-limiting exemplary activated PEG ester is PEG esterified to N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS). As used herein, acylation is contemplated to include, without limitation, the following types of linkages between a polypeptide and PEG: amide, carbamate, and urethane. See, e.g., Chamow, Bioconjugate Chem., 5:133-140 (1994). Pegylation by alkylation typically involves reacting a terminal aldehyde derivative of a PEG moiety with a polypeptide in the presence of a reducing agent. Non-limiting exemplary reactive PEG aldehydes include PEG propionaldehyde, which is water stable, and mono C1-C10 alkoxy or aryloxy derivatives thereof. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,252,714.

In certain embodiments, a pegylation reaction results in poly-pegylated polypeptides. In certain embodiments, a pegylation reaction results in mono-, di-, and/or tri-pegylated polypeptides. Further, desired pegylated species may be separated from a mixture containing other pegylated species and/or unreacted starting materials using various purification techniques known in the art, including among others, dialysis, salting-out, ultrafiltration, ion-exchange chromatography, gel filtration chromatography, and electrophoresis.

Exemplary Attachment of Fusion Partners

The fusion partner may be attached, either covalently or non-covalently, to the amino-terminus or the carboxy-terminus of the FGFR1 ECD. The attachment may also occur at a location within the FGFR1 ECD other than the amino-terminus or the carboxy-terminus, for example, through an amino acid side chain (such as, for example, the side chain of cysteine, lysine, histidine, serine, or threonine).

In either covalent or non-covalent attachment embodiments, a linker may be included between the fusion partner and the FGFR1 ECD. Such linkers may be comprised of amino acids and/or chemical moieties. Exemplary methods of covalently attaching a fusion partner to an FGFR1 ECD include, but are not limited to, translation of the fusion partner and the FGFR1 ECD as a single amino acid sequence and chemical attachment of the fusion partner to the FGFR1 ECD. When the fusion partner and the FGFR1 ECD are translated as single amino acid sequence, additional amino acids may be included between the fusion partner and the FGFR1 ECD as a linker. In certain embodiments, the linker is glycine-serine (“GS”). In certain embodiments, the linker is selected based on the polynucleotide sequence that encodes it, to facilitate cloning the fusion partner and/or FGFR1 ECD into a single expression construct (for example, a polynucleotide containing a particular restriction site may be placed between the polynucleotide encoding the fusion partner and the polynucleotide encoding the FGFR1 ECD, wherein the polynucleotide containing the restriction site encodes a short amino acid linker sequence).

When the fusion partner and the FGFR1 ECD are covalently coupled by chemical means, linkers of various sizes can typically be included during the coupling reaction. Several methods of covalent coupling of a polypeptide to another molecule (i.e. fusion partner) are known. The polypeptide and fusion partner can also be non-covalently coupled. Exemplary methods of non-covalently attaching a fusion partner to an FGFR1 ECD include, but are not limited to, attachment through a binding pair. Exemplary binding pairs include, but are not limited to, biotin and avidin or streptavidin, an antibody and its antigen, etc.

Nucleic Acid Molecules Encoding the Polypeptides of the Invention

Nucleic acid molecules comprising polynucleotides that encode FGFR1 ECDs can be constructed using known recombinant DNA techniques.

In certain embodiments, a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide of the invention comprises a nucleotide sequence that encodes a signal peptide, which, when translated, will be fused to the amino-terminus of the FGFR1 polypeptide. In other embodiments, the nucleotide sequence does not include a sequence encoding a signal peptide. As discussed above, the signal peptide may be the native signal peptide, the signal peptide of FGFR1, FGFR2, FGFR3, or FGFR4, or may be another heterologous signal peptide. The amino acid sequences for certain exemplary FGFR signal peptides are shown, e.g., in Table 4. See also SEQ ID NOs:1 and 2, which depict an FGFR1 ECD with and without a signal peptide. Certain exemplary signal peptides are known in the art, and are described, e.g., in the online Signal Peptide Database maintained by the Department of Biochemistry, National University of Singapore, http://proline.bic.nus.edu.sg/spdb/index.html (see also Choo et al., BMC Bioinformatics, 6: 249 (2005)); and in PCT Publication No. WO 2006/081430.

In certain embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule comprising the polynucleotide encoding the gene of interest is an expression vector that is suitable for expression in a selected host cell.

Expression and Production of the Proteins of the Invention

The polypeptides may be expressed from a vector in a host cell. In certain embodiments, a vector is selected that is optimized for expression of polypeptides in CHO-S or CHO-S-derived cells. Exemplary such vectors are described, e.g., in Running Deer et al., Biotechnol. Prog. 20:880-889 (2004). In certain embodiments, a vector is chosen for in vivo expression of the polypeptides of the invention in animals, including humans. In certain such embodiments, expression of the polypeptide is under the control of a promoter that functions in a tissue-specific manner. For example, liver-specific promoters are described, e.g., in PCT Publication No. WO 2006/076288. Other methods of expression and purification are mentioned in WO2007/014123 and in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/535,479 and PCT Application PCT/US09/52704, each filed Aug. 4, 2009

The polypeptides of the invention can be expressed, in various embodiments, in prokaryotic cells, such as bacterial cells; or eukaryotic cells, such as fungal cells, plant cells, insect cells, and mammalian cells. Such expression may be carried out, for example, according to procedures known in the art. Certain exemplary eukaryotic cells that can be used to express polypeptides include, but are not limited to, Cos cells, including Cos 7 cells; 293 cells, including 293-6E and 293-T cells; CHO cells, including CHO-S and DG44 cells; and NS0 cells.

Introduction of a nucleic acid vector into a desired host cell can be accomplished by any method known in the art, including, but not limited to, calcium phosphate transfection, DEAE-dextran mediated transfection, cationic lipid-mediated transfection, electroporation, transduction, infection, etc. Certain exemplary methods are described, e.g., in Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning, A Laboratory Manual, 3^(rd) ed. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press (2001). Nucleic acids may be transiently or stably transfected in the desired host cells, according to methods known in the art.

In certain embodiments, a polypeptide can be produced in vivo in an animal that has been engineered or transfected with a nucleic acid molecule encoding the polypeptide, according to methods known in the art.

Purification of FGFR1 ECD Polypeptides

The polypeptides of the invention can be purified by various methods known in the art. Such methods include, but are not limited to, the use of affinity matrices, ion exchange chromatography, and/or hydrophobic interaction chromatography. Suitable affinity ligands include any ligands of the FGFR1 ECD or of the fusion partner, or antibodies thereto. For example, in the case of a fusion protein, a Protein A, Protein G, Protein A/G, or an antibody affinity column may be used to bind to an Fc fusion partner to purify a polypeptide of the invention. Antibodies to the polypeptides of the invention may also be used to purify the polypeptides of the invention. Hydrophobic interactive chromatography, for example, a butyl or phenyl column, may also suitable for purifying certain polypeptides. Many methods of purifying polypeptides are known in the art.

Methods of constructing DNA coding sequences, vectors, and host cells for FGFR1 ECDs, as well as methods of expressing and purifying FGFR1 ECDs are also described, for example, in WO2007/014123 and in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/535,479 and PCT Application PCT/US09/52704, each filed Aug. 4, 2009.

Therapeutic Compositions Routes of Administration and Carriers

In various embodiments, the FGFR1 ECDs of the invention can be administered in vivo by a variety of routes, including intravenous, intra-arterial, subcutaneous, parenteral, intranasal, intramuscular, intracardiac, intraventricular, intratracheal, buccal, rectal, intraperitoneal, intradermal, topical, transdermal, and intrathecal, or otherwise by implantation or inhalation. The subject compositions can be formulated into preparations in solid, semi-solid, liquid, or gaseous forms, such as tablets, capsules, powders, granules, ointments, solutions, suppositories, enemas, injections, inhalants, and aerosols. Nucleic acid molecules encoding the polypeptides of the invention can be coated onto gold microparticles and delivered intradermally by a particle bombardment device, or “gene gun,” as described in the literature (see, e.g., Tang et al., Nature 356:152-154 (1992)).

In various embodiments, compositions comprising the polypeptides of the invention are provided in formulation with pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, a wide variety of which are known in the art (see, e.g., Gennaro, Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy with Facts and Comparisons: Drugfacts Plus, 20th ed. (2003); Ansel et al., Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Drug Delivery Systems, 7^(th) ed., Lippencott Williams and Wilkins (2004); Kibbe et al., Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients, 3^(rd) ed., Pharmaceutical Press (2000)). Various pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, which include vehicles, adjuvants, carriers, and diluents, are available to the public. Moreover, various pharmaceutically acceptable auxiliary substances, such as pH adjusting and buffering agents, tonicity adjusting agents, stabilizers, wetting agents and the like, are also available to the public. Certain non-limiting exemplary carriers include saline, buffered saline, dextrose, water, glycerol, ethanol, and combinations thereof.

In various embodiments, compositions comprising FGFR1 ECDs of the invention can be formulated for injection by dissolving, suspending, or emulsifying them in an aqueous or nonaqueous solvent, such as vegetable or other oils, synthetic aliphatic acid glycerides, esters of higher aliphatic acids, or propylene glycol; and if desired, with conventional additives such as solubilizers, isotonic agents, suspending agents, emulsifying agents, stabilizers and preservatives. In various embodiments, the compositions may be formulated for inhalation, for example, using pressurized acceptable propellants such as dichlorodifluoromethane, propane, nitrogen, and the like. The compositions may also be formulated, in various embodiments, into sustained release microcapsules, such as with biodegradable or non-biodegradable polymers. A non-limiting exemplary biodegradable formulation includes poly lactic acid-glycolic acid polymer. A non-limiting exemplary non-biodegradable formulation includes a polyglycerin fatty acid ester. Certain methods of making such formulations are described, for example, in EP 1 125 584 A1.

Pharmaceutical packs and kits comprising one or more containers, each containing one or more doses of the polypeptides of the invention are also provided. In certain embodiments, a unit dosage is provided wherein the unit dosage contains a predetermined amount of a composition comprising a polypeptide of the invention, with or without one or more additional agents. In certain embodiments, such a unit dosage is supplied in single-use prefilled syringe for injection. In various embodiments, the composition contained in the unit dosage may comprise saline, sucrose, or the like; a buffer, such as phosphate, or the like; and/or be formulated within a stable and effective pH range. Alternatively, in certain embodiments, the composition may be provided as a lyophilized powder that can be reconstituted upon addition of an appropriate liquid, for example, sterile water. In certain embodiments, the composition comprises one or more substances that inhibit protein aggregation, including, but not limited to, sucrose and arginine. In certain embodiments, a composition of the invention comprises heparin and/or a proteoglycan.

Pharmaceutical compositions are administered in an amount effective for treatment and/or prophylaxis of the specific indication. The effective amount is typically dependent on the weight of the subject being treated, his or her physical or health condition, the extensiveness of the condition to be treated, and/or the age of the subject being treated. In general, the polypeptides of the invention are to be administered in an amount in the range of about 50 μg/kg body weight to about 100 mg/kg body weight per dose. Optionally, the polypeptides of the invention can be administered in an amount in the range of about 100 μg/kg body weight to about 20 mg/kg body weight per dose. Further optionally, the polypeptides of the invention can be administered in an amount in the range of about 0.5 mg/kg body weight to about 20 mg/kg body weight per dose.

The compositions comprising the polypeptides of the invention can be administered as needed to subjects. Determination of the frequency of administration can be made by persons skilled in the art, such as an attending physician based on considerations of the condition being treated, age of the subject being treated, severity of the condition being treated, general state of health of the subject being treated and the like. In certain embodiments, an effective dose of the polypeptide of the invention is administered to a subject one or more times. In various embodiments, an effective dose of the polypeptide of the invention is administered to the subject at least once a month, at least twice a month, once a week, twice a week, or three times a week. In various embodiments, an effective dose of the polypeptide of the invention is administered to the subject for at least a week, at least a month, at least three months, at least six months, or at least a year.

Combination Therapy

FGFR1 ECDs may be administered alone or with other modes of treatment. They may be provided before, substantially contemporaneous with, or after other modes of treatment, for example, surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or the administration of a biologic, such as a therapeutic antibody.

EXAMPLES Example 1 An FGFR1 ECD Fc Fusion Molecule Inhibits FGFR2 S252W Mutant Endometrial Carcinoma Cell Lines in Tissue Culture

The endometrial carcinoma cell line, HEC-1-B (Cat #HTB-113), encoding a wildtype genomic FGFR2 locus (Dutt et al. 2008; PNAS 105(25):8713-7) was obtained from American Type Culture Collection (ATCC; Manassas, Va.) and maintained in Minimum Essential Medium Eagle with Earle's balanced salt solution (ATCC) supplemented with 2 mM L-glutamine 0.1 mM non-essential amino acids, 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS; all from Mediatech, Inc. Manassas, Va.) and 1.0 mM Sodium Pyruvate (Sigma-Aldrich, Milwaukee, Wis.). Endometrial cell lines MFE-280 (DSMZ cat#. ACC 410) and MFE-319 (DSMZ cat#ACC 423) with a S252W mutation in the FGFR2 gene (Dutt et al. 2008; PNAS 105(25):8713-7) were obtained from Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen and Zellkulturen GmbH (DSMZ: Germany) and maintained in 40% RPMI 1640, 40% Minimum Essential Medium (with Earle's salts) supplemented with 2 mM L-glutamine, 20% FBS (all from Mediatech, Inc) and 1×ITS (Insulin, Transferrin and Sodium Selenite, from Sigma-Aldrich). Cells were incubated at 37° C. at 5% CO₂. Mutation status of the FGFR2 receptor in the cell lines was confirmed by PCR amplification and sequencing of exon 7 of the genomic FGFR2 gene using primer sequences described by Dutt et al. (2008). To determine the impact of an FGFR1 ECD Fc fusion molecule on endometrial carcinoma cell lines in tissue culture, cells were plated in a Microtest™ 96-well tissue culture plate (Becton Dickenson, Franklin Lakes, N.J.) at a density of 5×10³ or 2.5×10⁴ cells/well in medium containing 10%, 1% or 0.1% FBS in the presence or absence of 15 μg/ml R1Mut4 (SEQ ID NO:22) or a CSF1R-ECD Fc fusion protein (a negative control). Plates were then incubated at 37° C. at 5% CO₂ for 4 days and then assayed to determine the impact of R1Mut4 on cell number and proliferation.

To determine cell number, the CellTiter-Glo® Luminescent Cell Viability Assay (Promega, Madison, Wis.) was employed. CellTiter-Glo® is a homogeneous method of determining the number of viable cells in culture based on quantitation of the ATP present, an indicator of metabolically active cells. In brief, CellTiter-Glo® Reagent was added to each well of the tissue culture plate at a volume equal to the volume of cell culture medium present in each well (100 μl), the contents mixed for 2 minutes on an orbital shaker to induce cell lysis and then the plate incubated for 10 minutes at room temperature. Luminescence was then determined on an EnVision™ Multilabel Plate Reader (PerkinElmer, Boston, Mass.) with a 0.2 second integration time. Results were expressed as relative light units (RLU)/well.

Results from the CellTiter-Glo® assay demonstrated that cell number in the HEC-1-B cell line expressing the wildtype FGFR2 protein was un-effected by R1Mut4 incubation in tissue culture (FIG. 2). In comparison, cell number of the MFE-280 (FIG. 3) and MFE-319 (data not shown) cell lines expressing the S252W mutated FGFR2 was significantly (P=>0.001) reduced by R1Mut4 incubation. P-values were determined using an unpaired t-test. (See Mathematical Statistics and Data Analysis, 1988, Wadsworth & Brooks, Pacific Grove, Calif.)

To determine the impact of R1Mut4 on cell proliferation the tritiated thymidine ([3H]-TdR) incorporation assay was employed. Following incubation of endometrial carcinoma cell lines with R1Mut4 or a CSF1R-ECD Fc negative control, tritiated thymidine ([3H]-TdR; PerkinElmer, Boston, Mass.) was added at activity of 1 μCi/well. After 16-h exposure, tritiated thymidine incorporation was assessed. Cells were washed with Dulbecco's phosphate-buffered saline (DPBS; Mediatech, Inc) and removed from cell culture surface by incubation with trypsin-EDTA (Mediatech, Inc). The cell suspension (200 μl) was then removed from the tissue culture plate using a FilterMate harvester (PerkinElmer) and filtered through a UniFilter-96 GF/B (PerkinElmer) plate. Cells were lysed using 95% ethanol and 40 μl of Microscint 40 (PerkinElmer) scintillant fluid added per well. Thymidine incorporation was determined as counts per minute (cpm) on a Topcount NXT (PerkinElmer) scintillation counter. Results were expressed as cpm/well.

In the tritiated thymidine incorporation assay, R1Mut4 had no impact on HEC-1-B proliferation in cell culture (FIG. 4). In comparison, the MFE-280 cell line displayed a ≧50% reduction in cell proliferation (FIG. 5; P=<0.0001). R1Mut4 mediated inhibition of cell proliferation (approximately 20% reduction) was also observed in the MFE-319 cell line (data not shown). The control protein CSF1R-ECD Fc demonstrated no impact on cell proliferation in any cell line (representative data shown for the MFE-280 model, FIG. 6)

Example 2 An FGFR1 ECD Fc Fusion Molecule Inhibits Endometrial Tumor Growth in an FGFR2 S252W Murine Xenograft Model

The anti-cancer activities of R1Mut4 were tested in a xenograft endometrial cancer model using human endometrial carcinoma MFE-280 cells with a S252W mutated FGFR2 genomic locus. MFE-280 cells were maintained in 40% RPMI 1640, 40% Minimum Essential Medium (with Earle's salts) supplemented with 2 mM L-glutamine, 20% FBS (all from Cellgro) and 1×ITS (Insulin, Transferrin and Sodium Selenite, from Sigma) at 37° C. in a humidified atmosphere with 5% CO₂. Semi-confluent cells (˜80%) were re-suspended in PBS without calcium and magnesium (Cellgro) at a concentration of 1×10⁸ cells per ml. Matrigel basement membrane matrix (BD Biosciences) was added to 50% (vol/vol) to give a final concentration of 5×10⁷ cells per ml and the mixture stored on ice until implantation into mice.

For the xenograft experiments, twenty CB17 SCID mice (Charles River Laboratories) were used. On day 1, the body weight of each mouse was measured. The mice were randomly distributed into 2 groups of 10 mice based on their body weight. Once assigned to a treatment group, the mice were shaved on the right hind flank and then inoculated subcutaneously with 5×10⁶ (100 μl) of the MFE-280 cells prepared as described above.

On the next day, animals were dosed with the test articles according to the dosing scheme shown in Table 2 below.

TABLE 2 MFE-280 Xenograft Dosing Groups Test Article and Dose (mg test article per Dosing Route and Group Number of Animals weight mouse) Schedule 1 10 Albumin Intraperitoneal, 2×/week 2 10 R1Mut4, 15 mg/kg Intraperitoneal, 2×/week

Tumor sizes were measured in each mouse on days 7, 14, and 21, 28, 35, 39, 42, 49, and 57 following the day of tumor cell inoculation. The length and width of each tumor was measured using calipers and the tumor size calculated according to the formula:

Tumor size(mm³)=(width(mm)×length(mm))²/2

FIG. 7 shows the results of this experiment. Mice that received R1Mut4 showed a dramatic inhibition of tumor growth compared to albumin-treated animals. Table 3 shows the average percent inhibition of tumor growth for each treatment group at days 39 and 57 compared to the vehicle treated group, and the corresponding P-values. P-values were calculated using an ANOVA analysis. (See, e.g., Mathematical Statistics and Data Analysis, 1988, Wadsworth & Brooks, Pacific Grove, Calif.) This analysis demonstrated that R1Mut4 significantly reduced tumor growth in an endometrial carcinoma cell line, MFE-280, expressing a mutated (S252W) FGFR2 receptor.

TABLE 3 MFE-280 Xenograft Results Day 39: Percent Day 57: Percent Group inhibition; p-value inhibition; p-value R1Mut4, 15 mg/kg, IP 90.4%, 98.0%, P-value = <0.0001 P-value = <0.0001

Example 3 An FGFR1 ECD Fc Fusion Molecule Inhibits Endometrial Tumor Growth in a Therapeutic FGFR2 S252W Murine Xenograft Model in a Dose-Dependent Manner

The dose-dependent anti-cancer activities of R1Mut4 were tested in a therapeutic (or established) xenograft endometrial cancer model using human endometrial carcinoma MFE-280 cells with a S252W mutated FGFR2 genomic locus. MFE-280 cells were maintained as outlined in Example 2. For the xenograft experiments, forty CB17 SCID mice (Charles River Laboratories) were used. On day 1 mice were shaved on the right hind flank and then inoculated subcutaneously with 5×10⁶ (100 μl) of the MFE-280 cells prepared as described in example 1. Following implantation tumor sizes were measured every 3 days until tumors reached the size of 150-200 mm³ (average day 28 post-tumor implantation). The mice were then randomly distributed into 4 groups of 10 mice based on their body weight and tumor size. Animals were dosed with the test articles according to the dosing scheme shown in Table 4 below, starting on the day in which measurements showed that the tumor reached the size of 150-200 mm³.

TABLE 4 MFE-280 Xenograft Dosing Groups Test Article and Dose (mg test article per Dosing Route and Group Number of Animals weight mouse) Schedule 1 10 Albumin Intraperitoneal, 2×/week 2 10 R1Mut4, 0.15 mg/kg Intraperitoneal, 2×/week 3 10 R1Mut4, 1.5 mg/kg Intraperitoneal, 2×/week 4 10 R1Mut4, 15 mg/kg Intraperitoneal, 2×/week

Tumor sizes were measured in each mouse on days 32, 35, 39, 42, 46, 49 and 52 following the day of tumor cell inoculation. The length and width of each tumor was measured using calipers and the tumor size calculated according to the formula: Tumor size (mm₃)=(width (mm)×length (mm))₂/2. FIG. 8 shows the results of this experiment. Mice that received R1Mut4 showed a dose-dependent inhibition of tumor growth compared to albumin-treated animals.

Table 5 shows the average percent inhibition of tumor growth for each treatment group at day 52 compared to the vehicle treated group, and the corresponding P-values. This analysis demonstrated that R1Mut4 significantly reduced tumor growth in an FGFR2 mutant endometrial carcinoma model in a therapeutic (or established) mode and that tumor inhibition was dose-responsive.

TABLE 5 MFE-280 Xenograft Results in a therapeutic model Tumor volume Group (Mean ± SD) % TGI P value Albumin 15 mg/kg 1175.0 ± 801   — — R1Mut4 0.15 mg/kg 725.4 ± 363.5 38.2 >0.05 R1Mut4 1.5 mg/kg 465.7 ± 174.6 60.4 <0.01 R1Mut4 15 mg/kg 283.7 ± 143.5 75.9  <0.001

Example 4 An FGFR1 ECD Fc Fusion Molecule Inhibits HCC1143 (FGFR2 R203C) breast Carcinoma Cell Lines in Tissue Culture

The breast carcinoma cell line, HCC1143 (Cat #CRL-2321), which contains a R203c mutation in the FGFR2 locus (COSMIC database, Sanger Inst.,) was obtained from American Type Culture Collection (ATCC; Manassas, Va.) and maintained in 90% RPMI 1640 with 2 mM L-glutamine and 10% FBS (all from Mediatech, Inc). Cells were incubated at 37° C. at 5% CO₂. Mutation status of the FGFR2 receptor in the cell lines was confirmed by PCR amplification and sequencing of the genomic FGFR2 gene. To determine the impact of an FGFR1 ECD Fc fusion molecule on the HCC1143 cell line in tissue culture, the procedure described in Example 1 was used. In the tritiated thymidine incorporation assay, R1Mut4 reduced cell proliferation (FIG. 9; P=<0.05 all conditions) in the HCC1143 cell line by 25 percent. The control protein CSF1R-ECD Fc demonstrated no impact on cell HCC1143 proliferation. Results from the CellTiter-Glo® assay are shown in FIG. 10. These results demonstrated that cell number in the HCC1143 cell line expressing the R203c mutant FGFR2 gene was significantly (P=<0.05 all conditions) reduced by R1Mut4 incubation.

TABLE 6  Sequences and Descriptions SEQ. ID. NO. Description Sequence 1 FGFR1 IIIc ECD RPSPTLPEQ AQPWGAPVEV ESFLVHPGDL LQLRCRLRDD VQSINWLRDG VQLAESNRTR ITGEEVEVQD SVPADSGLYA CVTSSPSGSD TTYFSVNVSD ALPSSEDDDD DDDSSSEEKE TDNTKPNPVA PYWTSPEKME KKLHAVPAAK TVKFKCPSSG TPNPTLRWLK NGKEFKPDHR IGGYKVRYAT WSIIMDSVVP SDKGNYTCIV ENEYGSINHT YQLDVVERSP HRPILQAGLP ANKTVALGSN VEFMCKVYSD PQPHIQWLKH IEVNGSKIGP DNLPYVQILK TAGVNTTDKE MEVLHLRNVS FEDAGEYTCL AGNSIGLSHH SAWLTVLEAL EERPAVMTSP LYLE 2 FGFR1 IIIc ECD w/ MWSWKCLLFW AVLVTATLCT A RPSPTLPEQ AQPWGAPVEV signal peptide ESFLVHPGDL LQLRCRLRDD VQSINWLRDG VQLAESNRTR ITGEEVEVQD SVPADSGLYA CVTSSPSGSD TTYFSVNVSD ALPSSEDDDD DDDSSSEEKE TDNTKPNPVA PYWTSPEKME KKLHAVPAAK TVKFKCPSSG TPNPTLRWLK NGKEFKPDHR IGGYKVRYAT WSIIMDSVVP SDKGNYTCIV ENEYGSINHT YQLDVVERSP HRPILQAGLP ANKTVALGSN VEFMCKVYSD PQPHIQWLKH IEVNGSKIGP DNLPYVQILK TAGVNTTDKE MEVLHLRNVS FEDAGEYTCL AGNSIGLSHH SAWLTVLEAL EERPAVMTSP LYLE 3 FGFR1 IIIc ECD Δ4 RPSPTLPEQ AQPWGAPVEV ESFLVHPGDL LQLRCRLRDD (R1Mut1 ECD) VQSINWLRDG VQLAESNRTR ITGEEVEVQD SVPADSGLYA CVTSSPSGSD TTYFSVNVSD ALPSSEDDDD DDDSSSEEKE TDNTKPNPVA PYWTSPEKME KKLHAVPAAK TVKFKCPSSG TPNPTLRWLK NGKEFKPDHR IGGYKVRYAT WSIIMDSVVP SDKGNYTCIV ENEYGSINHT YQLDVVERSP HRPILQAGLP ANKTVALGSN VEFMCKVYSD PQPHIQWLKH IEVNGSKIGP DNLPYVQILK TAGVNTTDKE MEVLHLRNVS FEDAGEYTCL AGNSIGLSHH SAWLTVLEAL EERPAVMTSP 4 FGFR1 IIIc ECD Δ8 RPSPTLPEQ AQPWGAPVEV ESFLVHPGDL LQLRCRLRDD (R1Mut2 ECD) VQSINWLRDG VQLAESNRTR ITGEEVEVQD SVPADSGLYA CVTSSPSGSD TTYFSVNVSD ALPSSEDDDD DDDSSSEEKE TDNTKPNPVA PYWTSPEKME KKLHAVPAAK TVKFKCPSSG TPNPTLRWLK NGKEFKPDHR IGGYKVRYAT WSIIMDSVVP SDKGNYTCIV ENEYGSINHT YQLDVVERSP HRPILQAGLP ANKTVALGSN VEFMCKVYSD PQPHIQWLKH IEVNGSKIGP DNLPYVQILK TAGVNTTDKE MEVLHLRNVS FEDAGEYTCL AGNSIGLSHH SAWLTVLEAL EERPAV 5 FGFR1 IIIc ECD Δ9 RPSPTLPEQ AQPWGAPVEV ESFLVHPGDL LQLRCRLRDD (R1Mut3 ECD) VQSINWLRDG VQLAESNRTR ITGEEVEVQD SVPADSGLYA CVTSSPSGSD TTYFSVNVSD ALPSSEDDDD DDDSSSEEKE TDNTKPNPVA PYWTSPEKME KKLHAVPAAK TVKFKCPSSG TPNPTLRWLK NGKEFKPDHR IGGYKVRYAT WSIIMDSVVP SDKGNYTCIV ENEYGSINHT YQLDVVERSP HRPILQAGLP ANKTVALGSN VEFMCKVYSD PQPHIQWLKH IEVNGSKIGP DNLPYVQILK TAGVNTTDKE MEVLHLRNVS FEDAGEYTCL AGNSIGLSHH SAWLTVLEAL EERPA 6 FGFR1 IIIc ECD Δ14 RPSPTLPEQ AQPWGAPVEV ESFLVHPGDL LQLRCRLRDD (R1Mut4 ECD) VQSINWLRDG VQLAESNRTR ITGEEVEVQD SVPADSGLYA CVTSSPSGSD TTYFSVNVSD ALPSSEDDDD DDDSSSEEKE TDNTKPNPVA PYWTSPEKME KKLHAVPAAK TVKFKCPSSG TPNPTLRWLK NGKEFKPDHR IGGYKVRYAT WSIIMDSVVP SDKGNYTCIV ENEYGSINHT YQLDVVERSP HRPILQAGLP ANKTVALGSN VEFMCKVYSD PQPHIQWLKH IEVNGSKIGP DNLPYVQILK TAGVNTTDKE MEVLHLRNVS FEDAGEYTCL AGNSIGLSHH SAWLTVLEAL 7 FGFR1 IIIc ECD Δ19 RPSPTLPEQ AQPWGAPVEV ESFLVHPGDL LQLRCRLRDD (R1Mut5 ECD) VQSINWLRDG VQLAESNRTR ITGEEVEVQD SVPADSGLYA CVTSSPSGSD TTYFSVNVSD ALPSSEDDDD DDDSSSEEKE TDNTKPNPVA PYWTSPEKME KKLHAVPAAK TVKFKCPSSG TPNPTLRWLK NGKEFKPDHR IGGYKVRYAT WSIIMDSVVP SDKGNYTCIV ENEYGSINHT YQLDVVERSP HRPILQAGLP ANKTVALGSN VEFMCKVYSD PQPHIQWLKH IEVNGSKIGP DNLPYVQILK TAGVNTTDKE MEVLHLRNVS FEDAGEYTCL AGNSIGLSHH SAWLT 8 FGFR1 IIIc ECD RPSPTLPEQ AQPWGAPVEV ESFLVHPGDL LQLRCRLRDD ΔP364 and A365 VQSINWLRDG VQLAESNRTR ITGEEVEVQD SVPADSGLYA (R1Mut7 ECD) CVTSSPSGSD TTYFSVNVSD ALPSSEDDDD DDDSSSEEKE TDNTKPNPVA PYWTSPEKME KKLHAVPAAK TVKFKCPSSG TPNPTLRWLK NGKEFKPDHR IGGYKVRYAT WSIIMDSVVP SDKGNYTCIV ENEYGSINHT YQLDVVERSP HRPILQAGLP ANKTVALGSN VEFMCKVYSD PQPHIQWLKH IEVNGSKIGP DNLPYVQILK TAGVNTTDKE MEVLHLRNVS FEDAGEYTCL AGNSIGLSHH SAWLTVLEAL EERVMTSPLY LE 9 FGFR1 IIIc ECD RPSPTLPEQ AQPWGAPVEV ESFLVHPGDL LQLRCRLRDD P364G VQSINWLRDG VQLAESNRTR ITGEEVEVQD SVPADSGLYA (R1Mut8 ECD) CVTSSPSGSD TTYFSVNVSD ALPSSEDDDD DDDSSSEEKE TDNTKPNPVA PYWTSPEKME KKLHAVPAAK TVKFKCPSSG TPNPTLRWLK NGKEFKPDHR IGGYKVRYAT WSIIMDSVVP SDKGNYTCIV ENEYGSINHT YQLDVVERSP HRPILQAGLP ANKTVALGSN VEFMCKVYSD PQPHIQWLKH IEVNGSKIGP DNLPYVQILK TAGVNTTDKE MEVLHLRNVS FEDAGEYTCL AGNSIGLSHH SAWLTVLEAL EERGAVMTSP LYLE 10 FGFR1 IIIc ECD RPSPTLPEQ AQPWGAPVEV ESFLVHPGDL LQLRCRLRDD P364M VQSINWLRDG VQLAESNRTR ITGEEVEVQD SVPADSGLYA (R1Mut9 ECD) CVTSSPSGSD TTYFSVNVSD ALPSSEDDDD DDDSSSEEKE TDNTKPNPVA PYWTSPEKME KKLHAVPAAK TVKFKCPSSG TPNPTLRWLK NGKEFKPDHR IGGYKVRYAT WSIIMDSVVP SDKGNYTCIV ENEYGSINHT YQLDVVERSP HRPILQAGLP ANKTVALGSN VEFMCKVYSD PQPHIQWLKH IEVNGSKIGP DNLPYVQILK TAGVNTTDKE MEVLHLRNVS FEDAGEYTCL AGNSIGLSHH SAWLTVLEAL EERMAVMTSP LYLE 11 FGFR1 IIIc ECD RPSPTLPEQ AQPWGAPVEV ESFLVHPGDL LQLRCRLRDD M367N VQSINWLRDG VQLAESNRTR ITGEEVEVQD SVPADSGLYA (R1Mut10 ECD) CVTSSPSGSD TTYFSVNVSD ALPSSEDDDD DDDSSSEEKE TDNTKPNPVA PYWTSPEKME KKLHAVPAAK TVKFKCPSSG TPNPTLRWLK NGKEFKPDHR IGGYKVRYAT WSIIMDSVVP SDKGNYTCIV ENEYGSINHT YQLDVVERSP HRPILQAGLP ANKTVALGSN VEFMCKVYSD PQPHIQWLKH IEVNGSKIGP DNLPYVQILK TAGVNTTDKE MEVLHLRNVS FEDAGEYTCL AGNSIGLSHH SAWLTVLEAL EERPAVNTSP LYLE 12 FGFR1 RM ECD RPSPTLPEQ AQPWGAPVEV ESFLVHPGDL LQLRCRLRDD VQSINWLRDG VQLAESNRTR ITGEEVEVQD SVPADSGLYA CVTSSPSGSD TTYFSVNVSD ALPSSEDDDD DDDSSSEEKE TDNTKPNRMP VAPYWTSPEK MEKKLHAVPA AKTVKFKCPS SGTPNPTLRW LKNGKEFKPD HRIGGYKVRY ATWSIIMDSV VPSDKGNYTC IVENEYGSIN HTYQLDVVER SPHRPILQAG LPANKTVALG SNVEFMCKVY SDPQPHIQWL KHIEVNGSKI GPDNLPYVQI LKTAGVNTTD KEMEVLHLRN VSFEDAGEYT CLAGNSIGLS HHSAWLTVLE ALEERPAVMT SPLYLE 13 FGFR1 signal MWSWKCLLFWAVLVTATLCTA peptide 14 FGFR2 signal MVSWGRFICLVVVTMATLSLA peptide 15 FGFR3 signal MGAPACALALCVAVAIVAGASS peptide 16 FGFR4 signal MRLLLALLGI LLSVPGPPVL S peptide 17 Fc C237S EPKSSDKTHT CPPCPAPELL GGPSVFLFPP KPKDTLMISR TPEVTCVVVD VSHEDPEVKF NWYVDGVEVH NAKTKPREEQ YNSTYRVVSV LTVLHQDWLN GKEYKCKVSN KALPAPIEKT ISKAKGQPRE PQVYTLPPSRD ELTKNQVSLT CLVKGFYPSD IAVEWESNGQ PENNYKTTPP VLDSDGSFFL YSKLTVDKSR WQQGNVFSCS VMHEALHNHYTQKSLSLSPGK 18 Fc ERKCCVECPP CPAPPVAGPS VFLFPPKPKD TLMISRTPEV TCVVVDVSHE DPEVQFNWYV DGVEVHNAKT KPREEQFNST FRVVSVLTVV HQDWLNGKEY KCKVSNKGLP APIEKTISKT KGQPREPQVY TLPPSREEMT KNQVSLTCLV KGFYPSDIAV EWESNGQPEN NYKTTPPMLD SDGSFFLYSK LTVDKSRWQQ GNVFSCSVMH EALHNHYTQK SLSLSPGK 19 Fc ESKYGPPCPS CPAPEFLGGP SVFLFPPKPK DTLMISRTPE VTCVVVDVSQ EDPEVQFNWY VDGVEVHNAK TKPREEQFNS TYRVVSVLTV LHQDWLNGKE YKCKVSNKGL PSSIEKTISK AKGQPREPQV YTLPPSQEEM TKNQVSLTCL VKGFYPSDIA VEWESNGQPE NNYKTTPPVL DSDGSFFLYS RLTVDKSRWQ EGNVFSCSVM HEALHNHYTQ KSLSLSLGK 20 Fc ESKYGPPCPP CPAPEFLGGP SVFLFPPKPK DTLMISRTPE VTCVVVDVSQ EDPEVQFNWY VDGVEVHNAK TKPREEQFNS TYRVVSVLTV LHQDWLNGKE YKCKVSNKGL PSSIEKTISK AKGQPREPQV YTLPPSQEEM TKNQVSLTCL VKGFYPSDIA VEWESNGQPE NNYKTTPPVL DSDGSFFLYS RLTVDKSRWQ EGNVFSCSVM HEALHNHYTQ KSLSLSLGK 21 Fc ERKSSVECPP CPAPPVAGPS VFLFPPKPKD TLMISRTPEV TCVVVDVSHE DPEVQFNWYV DGVEVHNAKT KPREEQFNST FRVVSVLTVV HQDWLNGKEY KCKVSNKGLP APIEKTISKT KGQPREPQVY TLPPSREEMT KNQVSLTCLV KGFYPSDIAV EWESNGQPEN NYKTTPPMLD SDGSFFLYSK LTVDKSRWQQ GNVFSCSVMH EALHNHYTQK SLSLSPGK 22 FGFR1 IIIc ECD  RPSPTLPEQA QPWGAPVEVE SFLVHPGDLL QLRCRLRDD Δ14 + Fc VQSINWLRDG VQLAES RTR ITGEEVEVQD SVPADSGLYA (R1Mut4) CVTSSPSGSD TTYFSV VSD ALPSSEDDDD DDDSSSEEKE TDNTKPNPVA PYWTSPEKME KKLHAVPAAK TVKFKCPSSG TPNPTLRWLK NGKEFKPDHR IGGYKVRYAT WSIIMDSVVP SDKG YTCIV ENEYGSI HT YQLDVVERSP HRPILQAGLP A KTVALGSN VEFMCKVYSD PQPHIQWLKH IEV GSKIGP DNLPYVQILK TAGV TTDKE MEVLHLR VS FEDAGEYTCL AGNSIGLSHH SAWLTVLEAL EPKSSDKTHT CPPCPAPELL GGPSVFLFPP KPKDTLMISR TPEVTCVVVD VSHEDPEVKF NWYVDGVEVH NAKTKPREEQ Y STYRVVSV LTVLHQDWLN GKEYKCKVSN KALPAPIEKT ISKAKGQPRE PQVYTLPPSR DELTKNQVSL TCLVKGFYPS DIAVEWESNGQPENNYKTTP PVLDSDGSFF LYSKLTVDKS RWQQGNVFSC SVMHEALHNH YTQKSLSLSP GK 23 FGFR2 IIIb precursor MVSWGRFICL VVVTMATLSL ARPSFSLVED TTLEPEEPPT (i.e. with signal KYQISQPEVY VAAPGESLEV RCLLKDAAVI SWTKDGVHLG peptide) PNNRTVLIGE YLQIKGATPR DSGLYACTAS RTVDSETWYF GenBank Acc. No. MVNVTDAISS GDDEDDTDGA EDFVSENSNN KRAPYWTNTE NP_0752592 KMEKRLHAVP AANTVKFRCP AGGNPMPTMR WLKNGKEFKQ EHRIGGYKVR NQHWSLIMES VVPSDKGNYT CVVENEYGSI NHTYHLDVVE RSPHRPILQA GLPANASTVV GGDVEFVCKV YSDAQPHIQW IKHVEKNGSK YGPDGLPYLK VLKHSGINSS NAEVLALFNV TEADAGEYIC KVSNYIGQAN QSAWLTVLPK QQAPGREKEI TASPDYLEIA IYCIGVFLIA CMVVTVILCR MKNTTKKPDF SSQPAVHKLT KRIPLRRQVT VSAESSSSMN SNTPLVRITT RLSSTADTPM LAGVSEYELP EDPKWEFPRD KLTLGKPLGE GCFGQVVMAE AVGIDKDKPK EAVTVAVKML KDDATEKDLS DLVSEMEMMK MIGKHKNIIN LLGACTQDGP LYVIVEYASK GNLREYLRAR RPPGMEYSYD INRVPEEQMT FKDLVSCTYQ LARGMEYLAS QKCIHRDLAA RNVLVTENNV MKIADFGLAR DINNIDYYKK TTNGRLPVKW MAPEALFDRV YTHQSDVWSF GVLMWEIFTL GGSPYPGIPV EELFKLLKEG HRMDKPANCT NELYMMMRDC WHAVPSQRPT FKQLVEDLDR ILTLTTNEEY LDLSQPLEQY SPSYPDTRSS CSSGDDSVFS PDPMPYEPCL PQYPHINGSV KT 24 FGFR2 IIIb precursor MVSWGRFICL VVVTMATLSL ARPSFSLVED TTLEPEEPPT S252W KYQISQPEVY VAAPGESLEV RCLLKDAAVI SWTKDGVHLG PNNRTVLIGE YLQIKGATPR DSGLYACTAS RTVDSETWYF MVNVTDAISS GDDEDDTDGA EDFVSENSNN KRAPYWTNTE KMEKRLHAVP AANTVKFRCP AGGNPMPTMR WLKNGKEFKQ EHRIGGYKVR NQHWSLIMES VVPSDKGNYT CVVENEYGSI NHTYHLDVVE RWPHRPILQA GLPANASTVV GGDVEFVCKV YSDAQPHIQW IKHVEKNGSK YGPDGLPYLK VLKHSGINSS NAEVLALFNV TEADAGEYIC KVSNYIGQAN QSAWLTVLPK QQAPGREKEI TASPDYLEIA IYCIGVFLIA CMVVTVILCR MKNTTKKPDF SSQPAVHKLT KRIPLRRQVT VSAESSSSMN SNTPLVRITT RLSSTADTPM LAGVSEYELP EDPKWEFPRD KLTLGKPLGE GCFGQVVMAE AVGIDKDKPK EAVTVAVKML KDDATEKDLS DLVSEMEMMK MIGKHKNIIN LLGACTQDGP LYVIVEYASK GNLREYLRAR RPPGMEYSYD INRVPEEQMT FKDLVSCTYQ LARGMEYLAS QKCIHRDLAA RNVLVTENNV MKIADFGLAR DINNIDYYKK TTNGRLPVKW MAPEALFDRV YTHQSDVWSF GVLMWEIFTL GGSPYPGIPV EELFKLLKEG HRMDKPANCT NELYMMMRDC WHAVPSQRPT FKQLVEDLDR ILTLTTNEEY LDLSQPLEQY SPSYPDTRSS CSSGDDSVFS PDPMPYEPCL PQYPHINGSV KT 25 FGFR2 IIIb precursor MVSWGRFICL VVVTMATLSL ARPSFSLVED TTLEPEEPPT P253R KYQISQPEVY VAAPGESLEV RCLLKDAAVI SWTKDGVHLG PNNRTVLIGE YLQIKGATPR DSGLYACTAS RTVDSETWYF MVNVTDAISS GDDEDDTDGA EDFVSENSNN KRAPYWTNTE KMEKRLHAVP AANTVKFRCP AGGNPMPTMR WLKNGKEFKQ EHRIGGYKVR NQHWSLIMES VVPSDKGNYT CVVENEYGSI NHTYHLDVVE RSRHRPILQA GLPANASTVV GGDVEFVCKV YSDAQPHIQW IKHVEKNGSK YGPDGLPYLK VLKHSGINSS NAEVLALFNV TEADAGEYIC KVSNYIGQAN QSAWLTVLPK QQAPGREKEI TASPDYLEIA IYCIGVFLIA CMVVTVILCR MKNTTKKPDF SSQPAVHKLT KRIPLRRQVT VSAESSSSMN SNTPLVRITT RLSSTADTPM LAGVSEYELP EDPKWEFPRD KLTLGKPLGE GCFGQVVMAE AVGIDKDKPK EAVTVAVKML KDDATEKDLS DLVSEMEMMK MIGKHKNIIN LLGACTQDGP LYVIVEYASK GNLREYLRAR RPPGMEYSYD INRVPEEQMT FKDLVSCTYQ LARGMEYLAS QKCIHRDLAA RNVLVTENNV MKIADFGLAR DINNIDYYKK TTNGRLPVKW MAPEALFDRV YTHQSDVWSF GVLMWEIFTL GGSPYPGIPV EELFKLLKEG HRMDKPANCT NELYMMMRDC WHAVPSQRPT FKQLVEDLDR ILTLTTNEEY LDLSQPLEQY SPSYPDTRSS CSSGDDSVFS PDPMPYEPCL PQYPHINGSV KT

It is to be understood that both the foregoing general and detailed descriptions are exemplary and explanatory only and are not restrictive of the invention as claimed. Other embodiments of the invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art from consideration of the specification and practice of the invention disclosed herein. It is intended that the specification and examples be considered as exemplary only, with a true scope and spirit of the invention being indicated by the following claims. 

1-56. (canceled)
 57. A method of treating cancer in a subject comprising: a) determining whether cells from the cancer comprise a ligand dependent activating mutation in FGFR2; and b) if the cells comprise a ligand dependent activating mutation in FGFR2, administering a therapeutically effective amount of an FGFR1 ECD to the subject.
 58. The method of claim 57, wherein the ligand dependent activating mutation in FGFR2 is a substitution at at least one position selected from 203, 211, 212, 252, 253, 267, 272, 283, 293, 310, 314, 315, 375, 380, 383, 390, and
 392. 59. The method of claim 57, wherein the ligand dependent activating mutation in FGFR2 is located at the IgII-IgIII hinge region or in the IgIII domain of FGFR2.
 60. The method of claim 59, wherein the ligand dependent activating mutation in FGFR2 is a substitution at at least one position selected from 252, 253, 267, 272, 283, 293, 310, 314, and
 315. 61. The method of claim 59, wherein the ligand dependent activating mutation in FGFR2 is not a substitution from a wild-type amino acid to a cysteine.
 62. The method of claim 57, wherein the cancer is selected from endometrial, breast, gastric, lung, and ovarian cancer.
 63. The method of claim 57, wherein the FGFR1 ECD is an FGFR1 ECD fusion molecule.
 64. The method of claim 63, wherein the FGFR1 ECD fusion molecule comprises an FGFR1 ECD fused to an Fc.
 65. The method of claim 64, wherein the FGFR1 ECD fusion molecule comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:
 22. 66. The method of claim 57, wherein the determining comprises amplification and sequencing.
 67. A method of treating cancer in a subject comprising: a) having cells from the cancer tested for the presence of a ligand dependent activating mutation in FGFR2; and b) if the cells comprise a ligand dependent activating mutation in FGFR2, administering a therapeutically effective amount of an FGFR1 ECD to the subject.
 68. A method of treating cancer comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of an FGFR1 ECD to a subject, wherein the cancer has previously been characterized as having a ligand dependent activating mutation in FGFR2. 